Germany 2010
"Bicentenary of Nature Science Museum in Berlin"

Issue Date	02.01.2010
ID	Gummed | self-adhesive Michel: 2775 | 2780; Scott: 2555 | 2556; Stanley Gibbons: 3630 | 3631; Yvert et Tellier: 2603 | 2604; Category: pF
Design	Ernst Juenger, Hans Michel
Stamps in set	1
Value	Euro 0.45 - skeleton of Brachiosaurus brancai and stuffed animals from the collection of Nature Science Museum in Berlin.
Size (width x height)	gummed stamp: 44.2mm x 26.2mm self-adhesive stamp: 39.0mm x 23.0mm
Layout	MS of 10 stamps both mint and self-adhesive
Products	FDC x2, FDS x2, Anniversary letter x1
Paper	stroke, white, fluoresce, special post paper DP 2
Perforation	gummed stamp: 13,5 x 13 self-adhesive: die cut 10
Print Technique	Multicolor offset print
Printed by	Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Wertpapierdruckerei Leipzig
Quantity	gummed stamp: 12.000.000, of which 74.000 on First-Day-Sheets self-adhesive stamp: 192.107.200
Issuing Authority	The Federal Ministry of Finance (Deutsche Post)

On January 2^nd, 2010, the Post Authority of Germany issued the stamp "Bicentenary of Nature Science Museum in Berlin" (in German: 200 Jahre Museum für Naturkunde Berlin) The stamp was printed in two variants: gummed and self-adhesive.

Comparison of the size difference between the gummed and self-adhesive stamps.

The images from the reverse side of the Mini-Sheet of the self-adhesive stamp

The self-adhesive stamp is a bit smaller in size.

Both stamps were printed in Mini-Sheets of 10. The reverse side of the Mini-Sheet of self-adhesive stamps shows several images, including

1. a photograph of Allosaurus fragilis with a reconstructed head from an exhibit of the museum,
2. a model of the Earth showing the internal structure of the Earth,
3. the front of the main building of the museum.

Stylized Ammonites were depicted on the margins of the Mini-Sheet with the gummed stamp. Many stuffed animals and shells from the collection of the Museum are shown on the background of the stamp. The most famous artefact of the museum the 14-meter-high, the biggest mounted dinosaur skeleton of the world - the skeleton of the sauropod dinosaur Brachiosaurus brancai - depicted on the foreground.

Brachiosaurus brancai was described by German paleontologist Werner Janensch in 1914, based on the fossils discovered in what was then German East Africa, modern-day Tanzania, as a species of the North American sauropod Brachiosaurus from the Morrison Formation, USA.
Recent research shows that the differences between the type species of Brachiosaurus and the Tanzanian fossils are so large that the African material should be placed in a separate genus.
From 2012 onward most studies recognized the species as Giraffatitan brancai, instead of Brachiosaurus brancai.
However, due to the fact all articles about the stamp were written in 2010, books printed by Nature Science Museum in Berlin after 2012, such as "Museum für Naturkunde, the Exhibition", (English edition) published in 2019, ISBN 978-3-946512-1-14-1, and the website of the Museum (accessed in March 2024) continue to use the original name, Brachiosaurus brancai.

The design of the stamp was selected from submissions to a competition from various designers:

The main building of Museum of Natural Science (in German: Das Museum für Naturkunde) in Berlin on cachet of the official FDC of Germany 2010.

The Museum of Natural Science (in German: Das Museum für Naturkunde) in Berlin is one of the biggest and important museums of the type in the world. The philosophy of the museum is to act as a hub of communication between sciences and the public. By developing the concept of the exhibition and implement it the Museum led by two principles:

• The content of the exhibition should be developed by their own scientists.
• When choosing the exhibits, originals from their collection should be on display wherever possible. Were fossils replicas are shown, they are labelled as such.

The general theme of the museum is "The Evolution of Biodiversity - the Evolution of Planet Earth and Life upon it". The Museum focus on these processes that led to evolution of the Earth and the rise of the biological diversity and the multitude of life forms and organism that have characterized our planet to this day.


The Museum of Natural Science in Berlin is a merger of three museums that came into being in 1810 when Berlin’s Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Unter den Linden was founded:

• the Anatomical-Zootomical Museum
• the Mineralogical Museum (from 1814)
• the Zoological Museum

Their stock became the foundation of the collections that continually expanded through donations, purchases and finds from expeditions.
The museum of Mineralogy was a successor to the Royal Mineral Cabinet. Its treasures included paleontological finds from the collection of Freiherr von Schlotheim, Leopold von Buch and Alexandr von Humbolt.

The main building of the Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin on cachet of FDC of German Democratic Republic 1990

Fossils from the collection of Natural Science Museum in Berlin on stamps of German Democratic Republic 1990, MiNr.: 3324-3328, Scott: 2812-2816.

Fossils from the collection of Natural Science Museum in Berlin on stamps of German Democratic Republic 1973, MiNr.: 1822-1827, Scott: 1444-1449

The "Berlin specimen" of Archaeopteryx lithographica on stamp of Germany 2011, MiNr.: 2887, Scott: 2635 .

The museum's name has changed several times. The museum was founded in 1810 as a part of the Berlin University, which changed its name to Humboldt University of Berlin in 1949. For much of its history, the museum was known as the "Humboldt Museum", but in 2009 it left the University to join the Leibniz Association. The current official name is "Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung" (in English Museum of Natural History – Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Research) and the "Humboldt" name is no longer related to this museum. Furthermore: there is another Humboldt-Museum in Berlin dealing with brothers Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt.

By 1880, the collections filled two thirds of the University’s main building so that a new building, that could house all three collections had to be erected.
On December 2^nd 1889, the Emperor Wilhelm II officially opened the new museum in Invalidenstrasse. It was supposed to become the hub of a new agglomeration of institutes and museums dedicated to science and technology.

The dinosaur-fossils stamps of German Democratic Republic from 1990, where issued on occasion of 100^th anniversary of openings of the Museum.

The generously sized exhibition halls are arranged around a large atrium that forms the heart of the public display area. Contrary to the initial plans, not all collections became accessible to the public, but they were separated into a display collection and a main collection. This was a revolutionary idea at the time which was then imitated everywhere. As the Zoological collection grew up very quickly, an annex was added to the building in 1917.
In 1937 dinosaur skeletons, discovered by German paleontologist in East Africa in 1909, were exhibited in the main hall of the museum for the first time. These skeletons appeared on stamps of German Democratic Republic in 1990 (see on the right).

In February 1945 the East wing of the museum was destroyed by the bomb attack of allied air forces and was rebuilt only in 2011. Fortunately, the majority of specimens – 75% of the collection, including the dinosaurs – could be saved. Once the war had ended, the Museum of Natural Science was the first museum in Berlin to reopen its gates, on September 16^th 1945.
After the fall of the Berlin wall and reunification in 1989/90, the Museum was first restructured into three Institutes for Mineralogy, Palaeontology and Systematic Zoology. The building was refurbished and modernised.

Today, the collection of the museum comprises over 30 million items, including almost 3 million fossils and almost 180,000 holotypes (specimens on which the first description of the species was based).
Museum of Natural Science in Berlin is a research museum within the Leibniz Association. It is one of the most significant research institutions worldwide in biological and geo-scientific evolution research and biodiversity.
The Collections of the Museum are directly linked to research. This is due not only to the fact that the collections have been compiled continuously for over 200 years, but also due to some spectacular pieces such as:

• the "Berlin specimen" of the primeval bird Archaeopteryx lithographica
• one of the best preserved skeletons of Tyrannosaurus rex, nickname "Tristan"
• the original piece of uranium on which its first scientific description was based
• the Bloch Collection from the 18^th century, probably the oldest preserved fish collection in the world
• the mineral collection representing 75% of the minerals in the world, including the largest piece of amber in the world.

Since the museum renovation in 2007, a large hall explains biodiversity and the processes of evolution, while several rooms feature regularly changing special exhibitions. The glass-walled "Wet Collection" Wing with 12.6 km of shelf space displays one million specimens preserved in an ethanol solution and held in 276,000 jars.

A cast of an Allosaurus fragilis skeleton with reconstructed head on a postcard produced by the Natural Science Museum in Berlin.

The main hall of the Museum, the atrium, contains the exhibition that takes the visitors back in time 150 million years ago. It shows fossils of prehistoric animals and plants that inhabited the Earth during the Upper Jurassic, including five dinosaur skeletons discovered by paleontologist of the Museum during their expedition in what was then German East Africa, modern-day Tanzania, between 1909 and 1913:

• Brachiosaurus brancai - a member of the Sauropods group - the tallest mounted dinosaur skeleton in the world
• Kentrosaurus aethiopicus - a member of the stegosaurs group
• Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki - small (2.5 meter in length) herbivorous iguanodontian dinosaur.
• Dicraeosaurus hansemanni - a mid-sized diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur
• Allosaurus fragilis - a member of the Theropoda dinosaurs - as the expedition merely yielded a few bones of the animal, the Allosaurus skeleton in the exhibition is a cast.

Another dinosaur on the display is the cast of Diplodocus carnegii - presented to the Museum by Scottish-American steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie, who made several casts for the major Natural History Museums in America and Europe. Many of these skeletons were depicted on stamps of German Democratic Republic in 1990.



One of the most famous fossils of the paleontological exhibition of the Museum is 14 meter long skeleton of Brachiosaurus brancai, depicted on the stamp. In 2007, visitors gave it its official nickname, "Oskar". The skeleton was reconstructed from approximately 65% of the original bones. Most of the bones are from the same individual, the missing bones of another individual of the same species were used to create the composite mounted skeleton seen today.

The view of the atrium of the Natural History Museum in Berlin on the postcard of German Democratic Republic from 1990.

The skeleton, discovered by paleontological expedition of the Natural History Museum in Berlin in 1909 and has been on display in the Museum’s atrium since 1937, after almost two decades of restoration. At that time, the skeleton was mounted in lizard-like posture, with sprawling legs (see on the postcard of German Democratic Republic, posted in 1990, on the right).

In the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries dinosaur finds were very rare in Europe, so having a real dinosaur of its own was a turning point for the reputation and fame of the Museum für Naturkunde by giving it a real specimen of great scientific importance, in contrast to plaster casts from North America that normally featured in European museums.

During the World War II, it was unmounted and placed in the Museum’s basement for safekeeping, returned to public view in 1953 in the then-divided city, and finally re-analyzed and reassembled in 2007 on the basis of the latest scientific findings and reconstruction techniques, with erect legs (see on the postcard attached to the "Anniversary Letter", below).
A new scientific name was given to Brachiosaurus in 2009, when differences in the shape, size and proportions of the bones led to the distinction between a North American and an African Brachiosaurus genus.
Thus, Brachiosaurus brancai became Giraffatitan brancai. This is now the scientifically recognised name used by researchers.

Giraffatitan is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived during the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian stages) in what is now Lindi Region of Tanzania.
The dinosaur had exceptionally long forelimbs, much longer as hindlimbs, that gave him its Latin name "lizard with arms". The neck of the dinosaur would have been held erect, like modern giraffes, in order to reduce tension on the neck vertebrae. Its most important food source was probably the highly nutritious plant genus Araucaria. With its slightly curved, spatula-like, teeth Giraffatitan stripped leaves off entire tree branch. Food was broken down in its huge stomach that operated as fermentation tank.
The lungs of sauropod dinosaurs worked twice more efficient as mammalian lungs, due to a special air-sacks system, which also reduced the weight of the giants by a lot. The heart of the dinosaur must have weight at least 400 kg, to build enormous pressure in order to pump blood to the head.
The extremely well preserved skull of the Giraffatitan is a sensational find, as complete skulls of sauropods are very rare. The cast of the skull can be seen next to the dinosaur skeleton in the atrium of the Museum. The original skull is fragile, therefore it is stored in the Museum and available for paleontological study only.

The view of the atrium of the Natural History Museum in Berlin on the postcard of Germany from 2010.

Scientists all over the world are puzzling how much a live Giraffatitan actually weighed. Some have calculated a mass of 50 tonnes, whereas others think it was just 20 to 30 tonnes. Furthermore, they are interested in the static and physiological problems a dinosaur this size had to overcome.
Giraffatitan was for many decades known as the largest dinosaur but recent discoveries of several larger dinosaurs prove otherwise; giant titanosaurians appear to have surpassed Giraffatitan in terms of sheer mass. Also, the sauropod dinosaur Sauroposeidon is estimated to be taller and possibly heavier than Giraffatitan.

A famous specimen of Brachiosaurus/Giraffatitan brancai mounted in the Berlin's Natural History Museum is one of the largest, and in fact the tallest, mounted skeletons in the world, as certified by the Guinness Book of Records.
In 2016 the skeleton has been safeguarded by the Act to Protect Cultural Property and was declared a “part of Germany’s cultural heritage”.

The view of the atrium, after reconstruction in 2007, on the postcard of Germany, posted in 2023, with new posture of Brachiosaurus brancai skeleton.

Products and associated philatelic items

First-Day-of-Issue Postmarks
There are three postmarks issued with the stamp: two postmarks of Bonn and one of Berlin. The postmark of Berlin was used on the official FDC of Deutsche Post with gummed stamp and on the "Anniversary Letter". Two postmarks were used by the Bonn Post Office - one on the First-Day-Sheet with gummed stamps and another one the official FDC with self-adhesive stamp. An additional postmark from Berlin was issued three days after the stamp issue day.
Postmarks for gummed stamp		Postmark for self-adhesive stamp	Additional Postmark

Official FDC		Personalized FDC
Official FDC with gummed stamp and postmark of Berlin	Official FDC with self-adhesive stamp and postmark of Bonn
Anniversary Letter
Anniversary Letter (C5 in size), with four gummed stamps and postmark of Berlin. The Anniversary Letter contains the "letter" and a large size postcard.
Mini-Sheets (gummed and self-adhesive stamps)		Postal stationery
		This postal stationery was issued in October 2010 for the International Stamps Tradeshow in Sindelfingen (near Stuttgart).
Souvenirs and commemorative materials
First-Day-Sheets (gummed stamp)	Souvenir Booklet with images of some drafts	Souvenir Booklet of Deutsche Post
First-Day-Sheets (self-adhesive stamps)
The First-Day-Sheet with self-adhesive stamp was issued in June 2010 and was shared with self-adhesive stamps during the first half of 2010.
Examples of circulated covers
The stamp "Bicentenary of Museum fuer Naturkunde in Berlin" on postcard sent in Munich in 2011.	Two stamps with the postcards rate were equal to domestic letter with weight up to 50g rate.	"Bicentenary of Museum fuer Naturkunde in Berlin" and "Archaeopteryx" stamps on International registered letter.

References

• Technical details and stamps presentation:
  First-Day-Sheet, Colnect: gummed stamp, self-adhesive stamp,

"Dinosaurierfragmente: Zur Geschichte der Tendaguru-Expedition und ihrer Objekte, 1906-2018", Ina Heumann, Holger Stoecker, Marco Tamborini, Mareike Vennen. Published in 2018. Amazon: USA, UK, DE.

• The Natural History Museum in Berlin:
  
  • Wikipedia
  • official website
  • The World of Dinosaurs (NHM Berlin)
  • YouTube Channel - most of the videos have German audio, but the subtitles are available in English. e.g.:
    • "Guided Tours: Dinosaurier im Museum für Naturkunde Berlin"
    • "Evolution – Grundbegriffe und Dinosaurier"
    • "T. rex TRISTAN im Museum für Naturkunde: Berlin zeigt Zähne"
    • "Unique relic of the Cretaceous period: The Triceratops skull in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin"
  • "Museum für Naturkunde, the Exhibition", (English edition) published in 2019, ISBN 978-3-946512-1-14-1
• Brachiosaurus:
  • Wikipedia
  • Encyclopedia Britannica
  • boasblogs
  • Guinness World Records
  • "Brachiosaurus brancai as an Icon of Politics, Science, and Popular Culture" (NHM Berlin)
• Giraffatitan:
  • Wikipedia
• Tendaguru Formation:
  • Wikipedia
• Tendaguru Expedition (1909-1913):
  • Natural History Museum in Berlin
  • geschichte.fm (in German)
  • Spektrum (in German)

Acknowledgements

• Many thanks to Dr. Peter Voice, PhD Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, USA, for review of a draft of this article and his very valuable comments.