Simultaneous Development of Philately, Geology, and Palaeontology as a Result of the British Industrial Revolution

Part 7: Replacement of Mulready covers by the "Penny Pink"

Replacement of Mulready stationery (introduction of the "Penny Pink" postal stationery)

On 10 February 1841, on the same day that the "Penny Red" stamp replaced the "Penny Black", the so-called "Penny Pink" prepaid envelope was issued to replace "Mulready One Penny" postal stationery. The portrait of Queen Victoria was engraved by William Wyon and is based on his 1837 City Medal, which also served as the model for the Penny Black. The oval frame surrounding the portrait was designed and engraved by Alfred Deacon, an employee of Charles Whiting, whose firm was commissioned by the Post Office to produce the "Penny Pink" envelopes.
The portrait was surrounded by engine-turned ornament. Engine turning was then a relatively new art and produced intricate yet regular patterns that were extremely difficult to reproduce without access to the original equipment.

Embossed stamps from the "Penny Pink" letter sheet and the "Two Pence Blue" envelope postal stationery. The denomination text was printed in different positions on the embossed stamps: in the upper half of the border on the "Penny Pink" and in the lower half of the border on the "Two Pence Blue".

An example of different-sized "Penny Pink" and "Two Pence Blue" postal stationery envelopes from 1841, printed on paper originally manufactured for the Mulready envelopes, showing the security threads running diagonally across the sheet and passing through the embossed stamp design.

Parallel security threads run above the embossed stamp on the letter sheet. The threads are more clearly visible on the reverse side.

This postal stationery remained in use, with only minor die variations, throughout Queen Victoria’s reign until January 1902. These modifications included the introduction of date plugs in 1857 (perhaps, reflecting the same principles that prompted the use of check letters on the adhesive issues), the alteration of Queen Victoria’s hairstyle from loose curls to a bunched lock in 1866, and the addition of florets to the border in 1881. Spanning 61 years, it became the longest-lived postal stationery issue in British postal history.

The first issues of "Penny Pink", produced between February and April 1841, were printed on unused Dickinson silk paper (actually a twisted cotton yarn) originally manufactured for the Mulready stationery. A similar paper with slightly repositioned threads was ordered for the production of new postal stationery.

In the paper prepared for the Mulready envelopes, the two groups of three threads run through the paper at angles, whereas in the paper prepared for the Penny Pink, the threads run in parallel. Depending on the type of paper, two or three threads cross the upper-right corner of the "Penny Pink" envelopes.

The use of Dickinson’s silk-thread paper was discontinued in 1866, when the Post Office began adopting alternative security measures to protect its products from fraud, beginning with the abandonment of silk-thread paper and later replacing the date plugs with decorative florets in 1881.

In April 1841, "Two Pence" pre-stamped envelopes with blue embossed stamps were introduced. However, the earliest surviving circulated example of the 1841 edition, the Two Pence Blue envelope, was posted in December of that year. The Two Pence envelope was used far less frequently; consequently, far fewer were printed, and their design remained unchanged.

To help postal clerks and the public distinguish between the two values quickly, the postage value text was printed in different positions on the embedded stamps, in addition to the color difference.
The value “POSTAGE ONE PENNY” appeared in the upper half of the oval border on the pink stamps, while “POSTAGE TWO PENCE” was placed in the lower half of the oval border on the blue stamps. Like the "Mulready" envelopes, the new prepaid envelopes were sold unfolded and ungummed, until pre-folding machines were introduced in 1845 and pre-folded and gummed envelopes with curved top flaps were introduced in 1850.

Initially, the new postal stationery, available in two sizes (with a third, smaller size added later in the year), was sold exclusively in London.

Because envelopes were folded manually by the sender until the introduction of folding machines in 1845, the dimensions of early envelopes can vary slightly.
The two sizes of "Penny Pink" and "Two Pence Blue" prepaid envelopes, introduced in February 1841, are approximately 120 x 69 mm and 133 x 85 mm. The third, the smallest, size, used only for the "Penny Pink", is approximately 101 x 64 mm.

"Penny Pink" envelopes of different sizes.
The envelope in the middle, posted in 1876, is a pre-folded and gummed version of the "Penny Pink" envelope.
The envelope on the right, posted in 1844, demonstrates a late usage of Maltese Cross cancellation mark.


Until mid-October 1841, new postal stationery was sold only in packets of 24. After that date, the packets could be split and smaller quantities were offered for sale.
In addition to envelopes, “Penny Pink” letter sheets were introduced in 1844. They proved unpopular and were produced only in relatively small quantities. These sheets can be identified by three pink silk threads running above the design and two blue threads running below it. After 1850, their production was gradually discontinued.
As with the Mulready stationery, however, the new letter sheets soon became targets for commercial publishers, who printed advertisements inside them. Unlike the “Mulready” letter sheets, the “Penny Pink” sheets carried no folding instructions. The Post Office issued no special rules for their use: they were sold simply as blank sheets of paper with an embossed stamp. Most users folded them so that the stamp appeared in the upper right corner, but some arranged the sheet differently, placing the embossed stamp in the center or even on the left side.

“Penny Pink” letter sheet from 1844, addressed to the British Museum, which at the time held a major fossil collection. The cover shows the common Victorian folding technique, with the stamp positioned in the upper right corner.	“Penny Pink” letter sheet from 1845, with an unusual folding arrangement, placing the embossed stamp at mid-left rather than in the standard upper right corner.

		The embossed stamp was always printed in a fixed position on the letter sheet, as shown in the illustrations above and on the left. The image on the left shows three examples: one unused letter sheet and two used sheets folded in different ways. In one example the message was written only on the inside, while in the other it appears on both the inside and the outside of the sheet.

With the addition of further postage stamps, the Penny Pink was also used for international correspondence. After the withdrawal of the Mulready envelopes and letter sheets and the introduction of the "Penny Pink" and the "Two Pence Blue" postal stationery, the production of caricature envelopes and letter sheets came to an end by early 1841.
However, the culture of illustrated covers continued to flourish. Throughout the 19^th century, many illustrated envelopes and letter sheets were produced in Great Britain, featuring a wide range of common, everyday subjects, as well as political, patriotic, and propaganda themes.

An example of an illustrated envelope, engraved and published in 1850 by J. Valentine of Dundee for the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, held in 1851. Ackermann and Co. of London were the printers, as inscribed on the flap, which also bears an embossed shield with clasped hands beneath a dove. A portion of the Crystal Palace is depicted in the upper-right corner, beside the space reserved for the adhesive stamp. The figure of Britannia appears at the centre of the cover, accompanied by the inscription "Britannia Encourages the Industry of the Globe".

The letter was posted in 1895 to Henry Page Woodward (1858–1917), Government Geologist in Perth, Western Australia. It was mailed from South Kensington, London, where the Natural History Museum is located, perhaps by his father, Henry Bolingbroke Woodward (1832–1921), an English geologist and paleontologist known for his research on fossil crustaceans and other arthropods.

At the very end of Queen Victoria’s reign in 1901, the Post Office changed the colour of the embossed stamp on stationery used for overseas printed matter to green, bringing it into line with the Universal Postal Union’s (UPU) international colour scheme. Domestic stationery, including the Penny Pink and Two Pence Blue envelopes, retained their traditional colours.

Mourning postal stationery

Mourning postal stationery, posted by Professor Richard Owen in October 1849. His father‑in‑law, William Clift, who was far more than a family connection, died on June 20th, 1849. Clift had played a pivotal role in Owen’s early career, introducing him to leading anatomists, guiding his professional development, and helping him establish a lasting reputation he later enjoyed as one of the most respected anatomists and paleontologists of the Victorian era. Consequently, Richard Owen used mourning stationery and black wax seal for both private and professional correspondence in the months that followed, reflecting his grief while adhering to Victorian social norms.

As private correspondence expanded dramatically, so did the need for clear social signals within the mail system. One such signal was the use of mourning stationery, and the "Penny Pink" and the "Two Pence Blue" postal stationery became the first mourning postal stationery in the world.

In the 1840s, a decade in which British mourning customs became increasingly formalized under the influence of Victorian social expectations, stationers quickly recognized the demand for pre-prepared mourning materials and began producing ready-made envelopes and writing paper with pre-printed black borders. These black-edged items allowed bereaved senders to communicate grief while adhering to the complex etiquette of Victorian mourning, signaling sorrow without requiring extensive handwritten explanation.
The black borders served as an immediate visual cue, ensuring that recipients recognized the solemn context of the correspondence even before opening the letter.
The thickness of the border indicated the intensity of mourning: the widest borders were reserved for the death of close relatives, such as parents or spouses, while narrower borders could be used for more distant relations. Over time, as the mourning period progressed, correspondents would use stationery with progressively thinner borders, visually reflecting the gradual return to everyday life.

By the late 1840s, commercially printed mourning stationery had become a standard and widely accepted part of Britain’s evolving postal and social culture. In addition to stationery, black sealing wax was occasionally used to close letters, reinforcing the message of grief. However, black wax was less common than black-edged paper, as it was more brittle and could obscure the seal’s impression, making it harder to read.
The widely circulated mourning postal stationery was used not only for announcing deaths within the family, but also for routine private and business correspondence during the mourning period, reflecting the Victorian expectation that grief should be visible both publicly and privately.
The use of mourning stationery was deeply intertwined with contemporary social norms, which prescribed specific periods of mourning depending on the relationship to the deceased: widows were expected to observe two years of mourning, parents six months for a child, and other relatives varying periods. Beyond etiquette, mourning stationery functioned as a subtle tool for emotional expression, allowing individuals to navigate the tensions between personal grief, public expectation, and social communication.

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