Ireland 1999 "Extinct Irish Animals"

Issue Date	11.10.1999
ID	Gummed stamps / Self-adhesive stamps : Michel: 1184-1187, Bl.33 / 1192-1195; Scott: 1205-1208 / 1209-1212 ; Stanley Gibbons: 1270-1273, Bl. 1274 / 1276-1279; Yvert et Tellier: 1188-1191, Bl. 35 / 1196-1999 ; Category: pR
Design	Finbarr O'Connor
Stamps in set	4 gummed and 4 self-adhesive
Value	Gummed stamps: 30p se-tenant pair (Giant Deer and Mammoth) 45p se-tenant pair (Wolf and Brown Bear) Self-adhesive stamps: all stamps - 30p.
Emission/Type	commemorative
Issue places
Size (width x height)	Gummed stamps: 29.8mm x 40.64mm / 40.64mm x 29.8mm ; Self-adhesive: 26mm x 37.50mm; Mini-sheet 150mm x 68mm
Layout	Gummed stamps: Sheet of 16 stamps, Mini Sheet of 4 stamps. Self-adhesive: box of 100 and stripes of 4
Products	FDC x3
Paper	phosphor tagging (stamps only)
Perforation	Gummed: 14 x 15, self-adhesive: die-cut 9.50.
Print Technique	Lithography, multicolour with phosphor tagging
Printed by	Irish Security Stamp Printing Ltd
Quantity	Gummed stamps: 30p se-tenant pair (Giant Deer and Mammoth) - 1.500.000, 45p se-tenant pair (Wolf and Brown Bear) - 750.000, Mini-Sheet - 110.000. Self-adhesive stamps: Boxes of 100 - 6.000.000, Stripes of 4 - 60.000.
Issuing Authority	Irish Post

On October 11, 1999, the Post Authority of Ireland issued a set of four stamps "Extinct Irish Animals".
Following the Endangered Animals issue of 1998, stamp artist, Finbarr O'Connor has produced an equally exciting and colorful series of stamps featuring four animals which are now extinct in Ireland:

• the Wolf (Canis lupus)
• the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)
• the Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)
• the Giant Irish Deer (Megaloceros giganteus)

These stamps were issued in gummed and self-adhesive variation. The gummed stamps were printed in two Sheets of 16 and Mini-Sheet of all four stamps. Se-tenant pair of gummed Giant Deer and Mammoth stamps have the face value of 30p each. Se-tenant pair of gummed Wolf and Brown Bear stamps have the face value of 45p each. The self-adhesive stamps were printed in strips of 4 and were sold in boxes of 100. All four self-adhesive stamps have the same face value of 30p.



The following text is based on the texts from the information card attached to FDC and the presentation pack, written by Erwin and Peggy Bauer from the National Museum of Ireland. Some notes were added by the author of this website.

In the distant past, the climate of Ireland was much colder, and its flora and fauna was very different to that which we see today. In the nineteenth century, giant bones belonging to a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) were uncovered at Shandon Cave near Dungarvan. This long extinct animal roamed the southern part of Ireland about 27.000 years ago, during the Ice Age.
At that time, the British Isles were still joined to the European continent, by the Doggerland and stood on the edge of a fluctuating ice sheet which covered much of the northern hemisphere.
The landscape was of a type called wet tundra - open, treeless and studded with small lakes and ponds. It was still so cold that the hills were under snow, but on the lowlands, a flora of grasses, herbs and small shrubs attracted animals as varied as wild horses, spotted hyenas and reindeer.

Lemmings on margin of the Mini-Sheet of "Extinct Irish Animals" of Ireland 1999,

The mammals present in Ireland during this warm stage of the Ice Age, known as the pre-Midlandian because it ended when the ice sheet moved south to cover the midlands, have been identified from large deposits of bones found in several Cork and Waterford caves.
Radiocarbon tests date these animal remains to between 26,000 and 32.000 years ago. A few of the animals of the ancient tundra are still native to Ireland, such as the red deer and the hare but the greater number of species will not be seen in Ireland's countryside. Some have become extinct everywhere, whilst others do not like Ireland present climate and habitat, or have been driven away by man.
Lemmings, for instance, are small mammals who now live near the arctic circle in Greenland and Scandinavia. During the pre-Midlandian stage, they established themselves in Ireland, and were still here 20.000 years ago when it was so cold that few other mammal species could survive. But as warmer conditions returned and the ice sheets and tundra receded, the lemmings retreated north.

Mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, on gummed stamp of Ireland 1999, MiNr: 1184, Scott: 1205.

Mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, on self-adhesive stamp of Ireland 1999, MiNr: 1192, Scott: 1210.

The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) is the most famous member of a genus that has been found on every continent except Australia and South America.
Fossilized bones, dated to around 33,000 years ago, confirm the presence of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in Ireland around this time. The woolly mammoth was about the same size as a modern African elephant and had a thick two-layered coat of brown hair, to protect it from the intense cold.
After the last major cold phase of the Ice Age, about 20,000 years ago, mammoths became extinct here.
Even though mammoths became extinct at the end of the Ice Age, much has been learned about them from preserved specimens uncovered in the frozen tundra of Siberia.
There are also depictions of the animal in cave paintings and bone carvings made by early man in France, Spain, and Eastern Europe, for whom the mammoth was an important food source.

Giant Irish Deer, Megaloceros giganteus, on gummed stamp of Ireland 1999, MiNr: 1185, Scott: 1206.

Giant Irish Deer, Megaloceros giganteus, on self-adhesive stamp of Ireland 1999, MiNr: 1193, Scott: 1212.

The Giant Irish Deer (Megaloceros giganteus) was notable for its size, the male of the species stood 2 meters tall, and the huge antlers of the male, which could reach a span of three meters. Since these antlers were discarded every year and re-grown, the animal needed to consume very large amounts of calcium-rich vegetation to sustain itself.

Giant deer are known to have been in Ireland at least 32,000 years ago, but the expansion of the ice sheets forced them to move further south. They returned about 12,000 years ago, when the lowland areas were again covered in rich grassland, and most surviving giant Irish deer bones and antlers date from this time.

Note: The animal is often called the Irish Deer or the Giant Irish Deer, however it is not unique to Ireland. Although the Giant Deer ranged from mainland Europe through Siberia to northern Africa, almost all the surviving skeletons and skulls were discovered in Ireland. This is due to the unique composition of Irish bogs. It seems the unfortunate top-heavy prehistoric animals regularly came to sticky ends mired in muddy lakes. The bog grew over them, fossilizing their remains, until they were uncovered by turf-cutters.
Ironically the first skeleton of "Irish Deer" discovered in Ireland in 1824 was only the second one. The very first one was discovered on Isle of Man five years earlier.

Wolf, Canis lupus, on gummed stamp of Ireland 1999, MiNr: 1186, Scott: 1207.

Wolf, Canis lupus, on self-adhesive stamp of Ireland 1999, MiNr: 1194, Scott: 1211.

The Wolf (Canis lupus) was living in Ireland before man arrived and remained in Ireland until the beginning of the eighteenth century. Wolves were quite common in wilder regions of the country up to the end of the Middle Ages, when hunting and the destruction of their natural habitat led to their rapid decline. They are still found in North America and the mountains of Eurasia.
The wolf is a predator, and at Castlepook Cave in Co. Cork, its bones were discovered alongside those of pre-Midlandian herbivores like reindeer and giant Irish deer. The animal is traditionally considered an enemy of mankind, but archaeologists in Southern Russia have found evidence that over 20,000 years ago, Stone Age hunters kept tame wolves in their camps. The species once abounded in the forests and mountains of Eurasia and North America, but is now confined to a few very remote or protected regions. The last known wolf in Ireland was killed about 300 years ago.

Brown Bear, Ursus arctos, on gummed stamp of Ireland 1999, MiNr:1187, Scott: 1208.

Brown Bear, Ursus arctos, on self-adhesive stamp of Ireland 1999, MiNr: 1195, Scott: 1209.

The Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) is a distant relative of the dog family, from which it began evolving several million years ago during the Miocene Epoch. The bears of the Ice Age were well adapted to life on the pre-Midlandian tundra because of their thick coats. In autumn, they ate more to increase their body weight, so they could spend the harsh winter months slumbering fitfully in caves, as bears still do. There were brown bears in Ireland when man first arrived about 10,000 years ago, and it is thought that the clearance of forests may have led to the animal becoming extinct. It seems that the species became extinct here a few thousand years later. Up to a few hundred years ago, brown bears inhabited the forests of northern Europe but are now in decline.

Products and associated philatelic items

FDC with gummed stamps		FDC with self-adhesive stamps
The first day cover, which features the now extinct male arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) in summer coat, is also designed by Finbarr O'Connor.
Mini-Sheet	Sheets of gummed stamps	Self-adhesive stamps
First-Day-of-Issue Postmarks	Presentation Pack
	The presentation pack is annotated on both the inside and outside with text about the animals depicted on the stamps.

References

• Technical details and short description:
  • information card inside FDC
  • Presentation Pack
  • Colnect
• Discoveries of Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in Ireland:
  • Anglo Celt
• Discoveries of the Giant Irish Deer (Megaloceros giganteus) in Ireland:
  • "150th Anniversary of the Natural History Museum"
  • "THE MANX MUSEUM 1886-1986"
  • "First discoveries Megaloceros giganteus", by Mr. Michael Kogan (the author of this website) and Dr. Peter Voice (the editor of this website)

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Dr. Peter Voice from Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, for review of a draft of this article and his valuable comments.